An Unexpected Seminal Vesicle Pitfall in PSMA PET.

ABSTRACT: A 76-year-old man undergoing hormone therapy for prostate cancer was referred for 68 Ga-PSMA-11-PET (PSMA PET) due to persistently detectable PSA level. No PSMA-positive tumor lesions were detected, so a delayed phase imaging was performed, which revealed focal PSMA uptake in the right seminal vesicle together with contrast accumulation on excretory phase contrast-enhanced CT. These findings were finally determined to be secondary to urinary reflux as a consequence of a prostatic enucleation he had undergone 5 months earlier following an episode of acute urinary retention.

Focal Therapy of Prostate Cancer Index Lesion With Irreversible Electroporation. A Prospective Study With a Median Follow-up of 3 Years.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to assess oncologic, safety, and quality of life-related outcomes of focal therapy with irreversible electroporation in men with localized prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center, phase II study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: prostate cancer International Society of Urological Pathology grade 1-2, prostate specific antigen ≤15 ng/ml, ≤cT2b. Patients were selected based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and transperineal systematic and targeted magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasound fusion-guided biopsy. Ablation of index lesions with safety margin was performed. Primary end point was cancer control, defined as the absence of any biopsy-proven tumor. A control transperineal biopsy was planned at 12 months and when suspected based on prostate specific antigen and/or multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging information. Quality of life was assessed using Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Urinary Continence domain, International Index of Erectile Function, and International Prostate Symptom Score. RESULTS: From November 2014 to July 2021, 41 consecutive patients were included with a median follow-up of 36 months. Thirty patients (73%) had International Society of Urological Pathology grade 1 tumors, 10 (24%) grade 2, and 1 (2.4%) grade 3. Recurrence was observed in 16 of 41 (39%) of the whole cohort, and 16 of 33 (48.4%) who underwent biopsy. In-field recurrence was detected in 5 (15%) and out-of-field in 11 (33.3%). Ten of 41 (24.6%) including 3 of 5 (60%) with in-field recurrences had significant tumors (Gleason pattern 4-5; more than 1 core or any >5 mm involved). Median recurrence-free survival was 32 months (95% CI 6.7-57.2). Twenty-six patients (63.4%) were free from salvage treatment. All patients preserved urinary continence. Potency was maintained in 91.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Irreversible electroporation can achieve satisfactory 3-year in-field tumor control with excellent quality of life results in selected patients.

What is the impact of post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence on everyday quality of life? Linking Pad usage and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) for a COMBined definition (PICOMB definition).

AIMS: To identify the definition for urinary continence (UC) after radical prostatectomy (RP) which reflects best patients' perception of quality of life (QoL). METHODS: Continence was prospectively assessed in 634 patients, 12 months after RP using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form (ICIQ-SF) and the number of pads employed in a 24-hour period (pad usage). We used the one-way ANOVA technique with posthoc pairwise comparisons according to Scheffé's method (homogeneous subsets) for assessing the degree of QoL deficit related to urinary incontinence (UI). RESULTS: The continence prevalence is 64.4%, 74.1%, 88.3%, and 35.8% using "0 pads," "1 safety pad," "1 pad," and "ICIQ score 0" definitions, respectively. Pad usage is moderately strongly associated with ICIQ 1, 2, and 3 (ρ = 0.744, 0.677, and 0.711, respectively; p < 0.001). Concordance between classical UC definitions is acceptable between "0 pads-ICIQ score 0" (K = 0.466), but poor for "1 safety pad" and "1 pad" (K = 0.326 and 0.137, respectively). Patients with "0 pad usage" have better QoL related to urine leakage than patients with "1 safety pad" or "1 pad" (1.41 vs. 2.44 and 3.11, respectively; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences found regarding QoL between patients with ICIQ score 0 and ICIQ score 2 (1.01 vs. 1.63; p = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS: Pad usage and the ICIQ-SF's answers provide useful information. We propose a combined definition (0 pads and ICIQ score ≤2) as it is the definition with the least impact on daily QoL.

Asociación entre el cociente del segundo y cuarto dedo y el riesgo de cáncer de próstata: Un estudio de casos y controles en población mediterránea / Second to Fourth Digit Ratio and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Case-control Study in Mediterranean Population

Objetivo Evaluar la asociación entre el cociente de los dedos segundo y cuarto (2D:4D), como un biomarcador de la exposición prenatal a andrógenos, y la presencia de cáncer de próstata (CaP). Métodos Estudio de casos y controles con 260 hombres que consultaron en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía (Murcia, España). Los casos (n = 125) fueron pacientes diagnosticados de CaP por anatomía patológica a los que se les realizó una prostatectomía radical. Los controles (n = 135) fueron pacientes que consultaron en Urología por otro motivo y que no mostraron signos ni síntomas de patología prostática. La longitud del 2D y 4D de la mano derecha fue medida mediante un pie de rey digital y se calculó el cociente entre ambos (2D:4D). Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística obteniendo Odds ratios (OR) crudas y ajustadas e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados Los casos presentaron un cociente 2D:4D significativamente menor que los controles. El cociente 2D:4D se relacionó significativamente con la presencia de CaP. Tras el ajuste multivariante, se observó que los varones que se encontraban en el primer tercil de distribución del cociente 2D:4D, presentaban casi el doble de riesgo de padecer CaP (OR 1,9: IC 95% 1,1­4,0; P-valor = 0,040) en comparación con los varones que se encontraban en el segundo y tercer tercil. Conclusiones Una mayor exposición prenatal a andrógenos, reflejada por un cociente 2D:4D menor, podría estar asociado con riesgo aumentado de padecer CaP, pero más estudios son necesarios para corroborar esos hallazgos.

Objective To evaluate the association between second to fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio, as a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure, and the presence of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods This was a case-control study of 260 men attending a Department of Urology in a Murcia Region hospital (Spain). Cases (n = 125) were patients who underwent radical prostatectomy due to PCa and were diagnosed by specimen's histopathology. Controls (n = 135) were patients who showed no signs or symptoms of prostate disease. The length of 2D and 4D of the right hand was measured two times using a digital caliper, and the ratio calculated (2D:4D). Unconditional multiple logistic regressions [crude and adjusted Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were performed to evaluate associations between the 2D:4D ratio and presence of PCa. Results Cases showed significantly lower 2D:4D ratios than controls. 2D:4D ratios were significantly associated with the presence of PCa. After controlling for important covariates, men in the first tertile of the 2D:4D ratio distribution, compared with the second and third tertile, were almost two-times [OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.1­4.0; P-value = 0.040] more likely to have PCa. Conclusions A higher prenatal androgen exposure, indicated by lower 2D:4D ratios, might be associated with higher PCa risk, but further research is needed to confirm these findings in other male populations.

Análisis de la distancia anogenital como herramienta diagnóstica del cáncer de próstata / Study of anogenital distance as a diagnostic tool for prostate cáncer

Introducción y objetivo: La distancia entre los genitales y el ano (distancia anogenital [AGD]) es un reflejo de la concentración de andrógenos durante el desarrollo prenatal en mamíferos. En la actualidad solo existe un estudio que indique la relación entre AGD y riesgo de presentar cáncer de próstata (CaP). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad clínica de la AGD, como biomarcador del ambiente androgénico prenatal y el riesgo de presentar CaP en una amplia población. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles sobre 260 pacientes, atendidos en la consulta externa de Urología, a los que se sometió a examen físico y andrológico, y cumplimentaron cuestionarios. En los pacientes con CaP (n = 125) hubo confirmación histológica de la enfermedad y se dividió a los pacientes según la puntuación de Gleason acorde con los grupos de riesgo de d'Amico. Los controles (n = 135) fueron hombres sin signos, ni síntomas de CaP que fueron atendidos en la consulta externa de Urología para un examen rutinario. Se midieron 2variantes de AGD (del ano a la base posterior del escroto [AGDAS] y del ano a la inserción cefálica del pene [AGDAP]). Se utilizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas y curvas ROC para determinar la relación entre la AGD y la presencia de CaP. Resultados: La mayor área bajo la curva se obtuvo para el subgrupo de Gleason = 7 con las mediciones AGDAS y AGDAP (0,69; IC del 95%: 0,60-0,78 y 0,69; IC del 95%: 0,61-0,77, respectivamente), con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 83 y el55%, y el 91 y el 41%, un valor predictivo positivo del 39 y el 35%, y predictivo negativo del 90 y el 93%, respectivamente. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la AGD podría ser una herramienta clínica útil para el diagnóstico del CaP

Introduction and objective: The distance from the genitals to the anus (anogenital distance [AGD]) reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. At the present time, there is only one study suggesting the relationship between AGD and risk of prostate cancer (CaP). The goal of this study was to assess the performance and clinical utility of AGD, as a biomarker of prenatal androgenic milieu, and risk of CaP in a larger population, in CaP diagnosis. Material and methods: A case-control study was conducted on 260 men seen in a hospital outpatient clinic where underwent a physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. CaP patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without CaP seen in the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD (from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum [AGDAS] and to the cephalad insertion of the penis [AGDAP]) were measured. Parametric and non-parametric tests and receiver operating characteristic (COR) analyses were used to determine relationships between AGD and presence of CaP. Results: The highest area under the curve (0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77) was obtained for the Gleason = 7 subgroup with the AGDAS and AGDAP measurement, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 55%, and 91% and 41%, the predictive positive value of 39% and 35% and negative value of 90% and 93% respectively. Conclusion: AGD may be a useful clinical tool for the CaP diagnosis

[Study of anogenital distance as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer]. / Análisis de la distancia anogenital como herramienta diagnóstica del cáncer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The distance from the genitals to the anus (anogenital distance [AGD]) reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. At the present time, there is only one study suggesting the relationship between AGD and risk of prostate cancer (CaP). The goal of this study was to assess the performance and clinical utility of AGD, as a biomarker of prenatal androgenic milieu, and risk of CaP in a larger population, in CaP diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 260 men seen in a hospital outpatient clinic where underwent a physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. CaP patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without CaP seen in the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD (from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum [AGDAS] and to the cephalad insertion of the penis [AGDAP]) were measured. Parametric and non-parametric tests and receiver operating characteristic (COR) analyses were used to determine relationships between AGD and presence of CaP. RESULTS: The highest area under the curve (0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77) was obtained for the Gleason=7 subgroup with the AGDAS and AGDAP measurement, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 55%, and 91% and 41%, the predictive positive value of 39% and 35% and negative value of 90% and 93% respectively. CONCLUSION: AGD may be a useful clinical tool for the CaP diagnosis.

[Prostate cancer is associated with the anogenital distance, a biomarker of prenatal androgen milieu.] / El cáncer de próstata está asociado con la distancia anogenital, un biomarcador del ambiente androgénico prenatal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associationbetween anogenital distance (AGD), as a biomarker ofprenatal androgen milieu, and risk of prostate cancer(PCa). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on260 men attending a university hospital where theyunderwent physical and andrological examination andcompleted a brief questionnaire. PCa patients were confirmedby biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men withoutPCa attending the urology outpatient clinic for routineexaminations. Two variants of AGD [from the anus to theposterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephaladinsertion of the penis (AGDAP)] were measured.Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used toestimate the association between AGD measurementsand presence of PCa, and Odds Ratios and 95% confidenceintervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Cases showed significantly shorter AGDAPand AGDAS than controls. Subjects with AGDAP andAGDAS in the lowest compared to the upper tertile were2.6 times (95% CI 1.2-5.6) and 3.2 times (95% CI 1.5-6.9) more likely to have PCa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found that shorter measurementsof both distances (AGDAS and AGDAP) were associatedwith higher risk of PCa. A previous study reportedsimilar results, showing that longer AGDAP was associatedwith lower risk of PCa, but this relationship was notfound for AGDAS, as it was in our study with a largersample size.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre la distancia anogenital (AGD) como biomarcador de la ventana androgénica prenatal y el riesgo de padecer cáncer de próstata (PCa).MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles realizado en 260 pacientes. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a examen físico y andrológico y completaron un breve cuestionario. Los pacientes con PCa tenían diagnóstico histológico por biopsia prostática. Los controles fueron varones sin sospecha de PCa que acudieron a la consulta externa de Urología para exámenes rutinarios. Se midieron dos variantes de AGD [del ano a la base posterior del escroto (AGDAS) y del ano a la inserción dorsal del pene (AGDAP)]. Se utilizóanálisis de regresión logística múltiple para estimar la asociación entre las medidas de AGD y la presencia de PCa. Se calcularon Odds Ratios (ORs) e intervalos de confianza (IC) 95%. RESULTADOS: Los casos mostraron unas AGDAP y AGDAS  significativamente más cortas que los controles.Los pacientes con AGDAP y AGDAS en el tercil inferior comparado con los pacientes del tercil superior mostraron 2,6 (IC 95% 1,2-5,6) y 3,2 veces (IC 95% 1,5-6,9) más riesgo, respectivamente, de padecer PCa. CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos que las medidas acortadas de ambas AGDs se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de padecer PCa. Un estudio previo obtuvo resultados similares, mostrando que una AGDAP alargada se asoció con un menor riesgo de padecer PCa, pero noobservó ninguna relación con respecto a la AGDAS, como sí objetivamos en este estudio con un mayor tamaño muestral.

El cáncer de próstata está asociado con la distancia anogenital, un biomarcador del ambiente androgénico prenatal / No disponible

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la distancia anogenital (AGD) como biomarcador de la ventana androgénica prenatal y el riesgo de padecer cáncer de próstata (PCa). Material y método: Estudio de casos y controles realizado en 260 pacientes. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a examen físico y andrológico y completaron un breve cuestionario. Los pacientes con PCa tenían diagnóstico histológico por biopsia prostática. Los controles fueron varones sin sospecha de PCa que acudieron a la consulta externa de Urología para exámenes rutinarios. Se midieron dos variantes de AGD [del ano a la base posterior del escroto (AGDAS) y del ano a la inserción dorsal del pene (AGDAP)]. Se utilizó análisis de regresión logística múltiple para estimar la asociación entre las medidas de AGD y la presencia de PCa. Se calcularon Odds Ratios (ORs) e intervalos de confianza (IC) 95%. Resultados: Los casos mostraron unas AGDAP y AGDAS significativamente más cortas que los controles. Los pacientes con AGDAP y AGDAS en el tercil inferior comparado con los pacientes del tercil superior mostraron 2,6 (IC 95% 1,2-5,6) y 3,2 veces (IC 95% 1,5-6,9) más riesgo, respectivamente, de padecer PCa. Conclusiones: Encontramos que las medidas acortadas de ambas AGDs se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de padecer PCa. Un estudio previo obtuvo resultados similares, mostrando que una AGDAP alargada se asoció con un menor riesgo de padecer PCa, pero no observó ninguna relación con respecto a la AGDAS, como sí objetivamos en este estudio con un mayor tamaño muestral

Objective: To evaluate the association between anogenital distance (AGD), as a biomarker of prenatal androgen milieu, and risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 260 men attending a university hospital where they underwent physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. PCa patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without PCa attending the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD [from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP)] were measured. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the association between AGD measurements and presence of PCa, and Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: Cases showed significantly shorter AGDAP and AGDAS than controls. Subjects with AGDAP and AGDAS in the lowest compared to the upper tertile were 2.6 times (95% CI 1.2-5.6) and 3.2 times (95% CI 1.5-6.9) more likely to have PCa, respectively. Conclusions: We found that shorter measurements of both distances (AGDAS and AGDAP) were associated with higher risk of PCa. A previous study reported similar results, showing that longer AGDAP was associated with lower risk of PCa, but this relationship was not found for AGDAS, as it was in our study with a larger sample size

[Relationship between anogenital distance and prognosis of prostate cancer.] / Relación entre distancia anogenital y pronóstico del cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between AGD (as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment) and severity of the surgical specimen and prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 119 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour. Every participant underwent a physical examination where two variants of the AGD were assessed, a) from the anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP) and b) to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS). To assess the association between both AGD and severity and PCa prognosis multiple logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: Longer AGDAS was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence and affected margins of the surgical specimen (OR: 2.5; IC 95%:1.2-5.5, and 2.8; IC 95%: 1.1-7.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a higher prenatal androgen exposure, resulting in a longer AGD, is associated with worse prognosis of PCa.

Relación entre distancia anogenital y pronóstico del cáncer de próstata / Relationship between anogenital distance and prognosis of prostate cancer

OBJETIVO: La distancia anogenital (DAG) es un marcador de desarrollo genital que presenta un dimorfismo sexual en mamíferos. Diversos estudios experimentales han demostrado que la DAG al nacimiento refleja la exposición androgénica a la que el feto ha estado expuesto durante su desarrollo intrauterino. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar la asociación entre la DAG (como marcador indirecto del ambiente hormonal intrauterino) y la severidad en la pieza quirúrgica y el pronóstico del cáncer de próstata (CaP). MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio transversal que incluyó 119 pacientes intervenidos de CaP y con confirmación histológica por biopsia. A cada paciente se le realizó una exploración física y se midieron dos variantes de DAG; a) medida desde la inserción posterior del pene en el abdomen bajo al borde superior del ano (DAGAP) y b) medida desde la base posterior del escroto al borde superior del ano (DAGAS). La asociación entre ambas DAG y los indicadores de severidad y pronóstico postquirúrgicos de CaP se realizaron mediante análisis de regresión logística múltiple. RESULTADOS: La DAGAS se asoció significativamente con la recidiva bioquímica y márgenes afectados en la pieza quirúrgica (OR: 2,5; IC 95%: 1,2-5,5, y 2,8; IC 95%: 1,1-7,5, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestros resultados sugieren que una mayor exposición androgénica prenatal, reflejado en una DAG alargada, estaría asociada con un peor pronóstico del CaP

OBJECTIVE: Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between AGD (as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment) and severity of the surgical specimen and prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 119 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour. Every participant underwent a physical examination where two variants of the AGD were assessed, a) from the anus to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP) and b) to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS). To assess the association between both AGD and severity and PCa prognosis multiple logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS: Longer AGDAS was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence and affected margins of the surgical specimen (OR: 2.5; IC 95%:1.2-5.5, and 2.8; IC 95%: 1.1-7.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a higher prenatal androgen exposure, resulting in a longer AGD, is associated with worse prognosis of PCa

Relación entre ratio digital 2D: 4D y severidad preoperatoria del cáncer de próstata / Relationship between Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Preoperative Severity of Prostate Cancer

El cociente entre la longitud del segundo y cuarto dedo (2D:4D) de la mano es un rasgo de dimorfismo sexual, presentando los hombres una ratio menor que las mujeres.1 Varios estudios de cohortes2,3 y un metaanálisis,4 han mostrado que la diferencia de género en la ratio de los dedos se asocia con la exposición de andrógenos prenatales. El cociente 2D:4D está inversamente relacionado a la exposición intrauterina de testosterona (T) y directamente relacionado a la de estradiol.2 Existe evidencia que afirma que la ratio 2D:4D podría ser un marcador válido para los niveles hormonales del adulto (T y estrógeno),3 aunque ese dato es controvertido.4Por esa razón, el cociente 2D:4D seha utilizado como un biomarcador no invasivo y retrospectivo para la exposición prenatal de andrógenos, y se ha correlacionado con una amplia gama de enfermedades como el autismo,5 así como la cognición visoespacial y la orientación sexual.6

The quotient between the length of the second and fourth finger (2D:4D) hand is a trait of sexual dimorphism, featuring the men a lower ratio than women.1 Several studies of the cohorts2,3 and a meta-analysis,4 have shown that the difference between The gender ratio of the fingers is associated with the exposure of prenatal androgens. The quotient 2D:4D is inversely related to intrauterine testosterone (T) exposure and directly related to that of estradiol.2 There is evidence which states that the 2D:4D ratio could be a valid marker for adult hormone levels (T and estrogen),3 although that data is controversial.4 For that reason, the 2D:4D quotient has been used as a noninvasive and retrospective biomarker for prenatal exposure to androgens, and it has been correlated with a wide range of diseases such as autism,5 as well as such as visuospatial cognition and sexual orientation.6

Anogenital Distance, a Biomarker of Prenatal Androgen Exposure Is Associated With Prostate Cancer Severity.

BACKGROUND: Anogenital distance (AGD), the distance from the centre of the anus to the genitals, is a sexually dimorphic phenotype in mammals. Experimental studies have shown that AGD is a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure during the masculinisation period of development. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between anogenital distance (AGD), as an indirect marker of prenatal hormonal environment, and prostate cancer (PCa) severity. MATERIALS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a total of 120 PCa patients with confirmed biopsy of the tumour from April 2007 to July 2015. Two variants of the anogenital distance were assessed, from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS ) and to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP ). We compared differences in groups to evaluate the association between AGD measurements and severity of the preoperative biopsy and clinical scores. RESULTS: Longer AGDAS was significantly associated with the highest Gleason score (P = 0.015) and D'Amico nomogram (P = 0.048). In contrast, no statistical differences were found in the AGDAP and severity of the preoperative biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher prenatal androgen exposure is associated with higher severity of PCa. Prostate 77: 406-411, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Fístula próstato-rectal post resección transuretral de próstata / No disponible

No disponible